Rom

General Structure

General Structure of National Educational System

The changes in the economic, social and political life of Moldova demanded the development of a new educational policy and legislative framework. Three major documents have been adopted:

  1. Educational Development Conception of Moldova in 1994;
  2. Law On Education in 1995;
  3. National Educational Development Program (for 1995-2000).

The educational system of Moldova is the social institute for training and education of young generations. The main task of education is to educate children and other categories of population as prerequisites for the consolidation of the state independence, its economic and cultural potential, and its integration into the European and global communities.

Education is realized through a great diversity of structures, forms, contents and educational technologies. Education is lay, no national, racial, political discrimination. State education is free of charge.

The main objective of education is to provide equality of opportunities to education for all people. The right to education is guaranteed by the Constitution of the Republic of Moldova. The State provides equal opportunities to education depending on everyone’s abilities and aptitudes. Population literacy is quite satisfactory (96,4% according to official data). The share of registered students to educational institutions according to the age levels is very close to the existing one in the neighboring countries.

The educational system relies on educational standards approved by the Government. The standards set up minimum requirements to levels and stages of education.

According to the Law on Education of the Republic of Moldova the educational system is organized in levels, stages and cycles. Its structure is as follows:

  1. preschool education;
  2. primary education;
  3. secondary education:
  4. general secondary education (gymnasium, lyceum);
  5. vocational secondary education;
  6. higher education:
  7. short – term higher education (colleges);
  8. long -term higher education (universities);
  9. post-graduate (doctoral and post-doctoral) education.

The educational system may include other forms of education too.

  1. special education;
  2. complementary education;
  3. continuing education.

Within the educational system we distinguish day, evening and extramural classes, individual studies, etc. The academic year is September to July. Basic education is compulsory and comprises forms from I to IX. The grading system is from 1 to 10 (highest scale is 10; lowest pass level is 5; lowest on scale is 1). The languages of instruction are Romanian and Russian.

 

Pre-school education is the first level of education. It comprises a net of educational institutions of various types, mainly kindergartens; they can be public or private, offering diverse educational programs corresponding to the national educational standards.

 

Pre-school education (3 to 6/7) tends to prepare children for school activity. Over the last years the number of children attending kindergartens has decreased considerably. Their number is about 40% out of the total number of children of this age.

 

Primary education (I-1V forms) is for children from 6 to 10. It is provided as full-time attending. Primary schools are attended by approximately 320,500 children that make up 96% of the total number of children of this age.

 

Gymnasium education is also full-time (V-IX forms) for children from 11 to 16. Children come to gymnasiums after primary school graduation. Gymnasium education finalizes with a graduation exam comprising more subjects. The gymnasium issues a Certificate of studies in the form required by the Ministry of Education.

 

Lyceum (High school) education (X-XII forms) provides fundamental theoretical training and creates conditions to enter higher educational institutions or vocational schools. Lyceum education is 3 years. Admission to lyceum is only through examination for gymnasium graduates or polyvalent vocational school graduates. Lyceum education finalizes with bachelor’s exams and the graduates receive a Diploma of Bachelor. If somebody fails for the first time, then he (or she) has the right to take the exams not more than twice during the next 3 years.

 

Vocational secondary education provides training in polyvalent technical-vocational schools and vocational schools. This education is meant for gymnasium graduates not studying at lyceums and colleges. It is organized in 3 cycles.

 

The 1st cycle provides training into a specific worker’s profession and finalizes with a qualification Certificate.

The 2nd cycle extends training into a profession up to a master’s level. The 3rd cycle offers vocational training up to a technician level and general secondary school education. The graduates receive a Diploma of technician. And the secondary school education ends with bachelor’s exams that successfully passed give access to higher education.

Vocational schools are for gymnasium, lyceum or general secondary schools leavers and offer training into one or more related professions. The period of studies is 0.5 to 1.5 year and finishes with an exam and a qualification Certificate.

 

Specialized education offers training for children with mental and physical deficiencies. The duration is 8 years compulsory depending on the level of disease.

 

Arts and sports education is for children with special musical, artistic, sports abilities. Admission to this education is through testing.

 

Complementary education (out-of-school) is a very important trend of national education. It helps to develop the abilities and talent of children in various domains.

 

Continuing education comprises all types of education for this category: various courses, open universities, distance education etc.

 

Traditionally education is provided in public schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, and vocational schools. The budget was the main source of educational system financing (7% annually). In the academic year 1998-1999 the net of public educational institutions comprised about 1,549 schools, including 107 primary schools, 631 gymnasiums, 625 general secondary schools. General education is attended by approximately 420,000 children, out of which 92% attend compulsory general education.

 

The expansion of market relations had an impact on educational services, too. Since 1992 the net of private educational institutions has developed along with the public education. Private education encounters many impediments. Imperfect legislative framework, lack of an adequate infrastructure, indolence and distrust in private education, low professional level of the employed staff are only some of the multiple difficulties that new educational establishments face.

 

Nowadays there are about 163 private educational institutions functioning on the basis of the license issued by the Ministry of Education. The institutions are of various levels and steps: 35 universities, one post-university institution, 14 independent colleges and 11 colleges affiliated to universities, 48 pre-university institutions (kindergartens, primary schools, gymnasiums, and lyceums), 5 vocational schools, 108 training courses for adults.

 

Usually each level of education finalizes with State Exams and the graduates receive a Certificate of Studies or Diploma, if the exams have been successfully passed. The design of Certificates and Diplomas are suggested by various educational institutions and approved by the Council of the Ministry of Education. The assessment of the quality of education has just started. For this purpose the Government set up the National Council for Academic Evaluation and Accreditation of Educational Institutions. The National Council decided to start the process of evaluation and accreditation with higher educational institutions.

 

Assessment of education

 

The evaluation procedure is provided by the Ministry of Education, by the other ministries having HEIs in their subordination, by local Educational Departments. The evaluation of educational results it is compulsory for any level of education, but the university has the right to choose the mechanism and forms of knowledge control. Academic staff is assessed once in 5 years following the criteria established by the Ministry of Education: professional competence, quality of teaching, methodical and psychological skills, evaluation competence for educational achievements. The evaluating results are the basis for awarding academic titles, settle salaries, etc.

 

At the end of every academic year the President of the university presents an activity report to the Ministry of Education. In its turn, the Ministry of Education presents a report about the state-of-the-art in the educational system and the proposals for development of the educational system to the Government annually.

xosotin chelseathông tin chuyển nhượngcâu lạc bộ bóng đá arsenalbóng đá atalantabundesligacầu thủ haalandUEFAevertonxosofutebol ao vivofutemaxmulticanaisonbethttps://bsport.fithttps://onbet88.ooohttps://i9bet.bizhttps://hi88.ooohttps://okvip.athttps://f8bet.athttps://fb88.cashhttps://vn88.cashhttps://shbet.atbóng đá world cupbóng đá inter milantin juventusbenzemala ligaclb leicester cityMUman citymessi lionelsalahnapolineymarpsgronaldoserie atottenhamvalenciaAS ROMALeverkusenac milanmbappenapolinewcastleaston villaliverpoolfa cupreal madridpremier leagueAjaxbao bong da247EPLbarcelonabournemouthaff cupasean footballbên lề sân cỏbáo bóng đá mớibóng đá cúp thế giớitin bóng đá ViệtUEFAbáo bóng đá việt namHuyền thoại bóng đágiải ngoại hạng anhSeagametap chi bong da the gioitin bong da lutrận đấu hôm nayviệt nam bóng đátin nong bong daBóng đá nữthể thao 7m24h bóng đábóng đá hôm naythe thao ngoai hang anhtin nhanh bóng đáphòng thay đồ bóng đábóng đá phủikèo nhà cái onbetbóng đá lu 2thông tin phòng thay đồthe thao vuaapp đánh lô đềdudoanxosoxổ số giải đặc biệthôm nay xổ sốkèo đẹp hôm nayketquaxosokq xskqxsmnsoi cầu ba miềnsoi cau thong kesxkt hôm naythế giới xổ sốxổ số 24hxo.soxoso3mienxo so ba mienxoso dac bietxosodientoanxổ số dự đoánvé số chiều xổxoso ket quaxosokienthietxoso kq hôm nayxoso ktxổ số megaxổ số mới nhất hôm nayxoso truc tiepxoso ViệtSX3MIENxs dự đoánxs mien bac hom nayxs miên namxsmientrungxsmn thu 7con số may mắn hôm nayKQXS 3 miền Bắc Trung Nam Nhanhdự đoán xổ số 3 miềndò vé sốdu doan xo so hom nayket qua xo xoket qua xo so.vntrúng thưởng xo sokq xoso trực tiếpket qua xskqxs 247số miền nams0x0 mienbacxosobamien hôm naysố đẹp hôm naysố đẹp trực tuyếnnuôi số đẹpxo so hom quaxoso ketquaxstruc tiep hom nayxổ số kiến thiết trực tiếpxổ số kq hôm nayso xo kq trực tuyenkết quả xổ số miền bắc trực tiếpxo so miền namxổ số miền nam trực tiếptrực tiếp xổ số hôm nayket wa xsKQ XOSOxoso onlinexo so truc tiep hom nayxsttso mien bac trong ngàyKQXS3Msố so mien bacdu doan xo so onlinedu doan cau loxổ số kenokqxs vnKQXOSOKQXS hôm naytrực tiếp kết quả xổ số ba miềncap lo dep nhat hom naysoi cầu chuẩn hôm nayso ket qua xo soXem kết quả xổ số nhanh nhấtSX3MIENXSMB chủ nhậtKQXSMNkết quả mở giải trực tuyếnGiờ vàng chốt số OnlineĐánh Đề Con Gìdò số miền namdò vé số hôm nayso mo so debach thủ lô đẹp nhất hôm naycầu đề hôm naykết quả xổ số kiến thiết toàn quốccau dep 88xsmb rong bach kimket qua xs 2023dự đoán xổ số hàng ngàyBạch thủ đề miền BắcSoi Cầu MB thần tàisoi cau vip 247soi cầu tốtsoi cầu miễn phísoi cau mb vipxsmb hom nayxs vietlottxsmn hôm naycầu lô đẹpthống kê lô kép xổ số miền Bắcquay thử xsmnxổ số thần tàiQuay thử XSMTxổ số chiều nayxo so mien nam hom nayweb đánh lô đề trực tuyến uy tínKQXS hôm nayxsmb ngày hôm nayXSMT chủ nhậtxổ số Power 6/55KQXS A trúng roycao thủ chốt sốbảng xổ số đặc biệtsoi cầu 247 vipsoi cầu wap 666Soi cầu miễn phí 888 VIPSoi Cau Chuan MBđộc thủ desố miền bắcthần tài cho sốKết quả xổ số thần tàiXem trực tiếp xổ sốXIN SỐ THẦN TÀI THỔ ĐỊACầu lô số đẹplô đẹp vip 24hsoi cầu miễn phí 888xổ số kiến thiết chiều nayXSMN thứ 7 hàng tuầnKết quả Xổ số Hồ Chí Minhnhà cái xổ số Việt NamXổ Số Đại PhátXổ số mới nhất Hôm Nayso xo mb hom nayxxmb88quay thu mbXo so Minh ChinhXS Minh Ngọc trực tiếp hôm nayXSMN 88XSTDxs than taixổ số UY TIN NHẤTxs vietlott 88SOI CẦU SIÊU CHUẨNSoiCauVietlô đẹp hôm nay vipket qua so xo hom naykqxsmb 30 ngàydự đoán xổ số 3 miềnSoi cầu 3 càng chuẩn xácbạch thủ lônuoi lo chuanbắt lô chuẩn theo ngàykq xo-solô 3 càngnuôi lô đề siêu vipcầu Lô Xiên XSMBđề về bao nhiêuSoi cầu x3xổ số kiến thiết ngày hôm nayquay thử xsmttruc tiep kết quả sxmntrực tiếp miền bắckết quả xổ số chấm vnbảng xs đặc biệt năm 2023soi cau xsmbxổ số hà nội hôm naysxmtxsmt hôm nayxs truc tiep mbketqua xo so onlinekqxs onlinexo số hôm nayXS3MTin xs hôm nayxsmn thu2XSMN hom nayxổ số miền bắc trực tiếp hôm naySO XOxsmbsxmn hôm nay188betlink188 xo sosoi cầu vip 88lô tô việtsoi lô việtXS247xs ba miềnchốt lô đẹp nhất hôm naychốt số xsmbCHƠI LÔ TÔsoi cau mn hom naychốt lô chuẩndu doan sxmtdự đoán xổ số onlinerồng bạch kim chốt 3 càng miễn phí hôm naythống kê lô gan miền bắcdàn đề lôCầu Kèo Đặc Biệtchốt cầu may mắnkết quả xổ số miền bắc hômSoi cầu vàng 777thẻ bài onlinedu doan mn 888soi cầu miền nam vipsoi cầu mt vipdàn de hôm nay7 cao thủ chốt sốsoi cau mien phi 7777 cao thủ chốt số nức tiếng3 càng miền bắcrồng bạch kim 777dàn de bất bạion newsddxsmn188betw88w88789bettf88sin88suvipsunwintf88five8812betsv88vn88Top 10 nhà cái uy tínsky88iwinlucky88nhacaisin88oxbetm88vn88w88789betiwinf8betrio66rio66lucky88oxbetvn88188bet789betMay-88five88one88sin88bk88xbetoxbetMU88188BETSV88RIO66ONBET88188betM88M88SV88Jun-68Jun-88one88iwinv9betw388OXBETw388w388onbetonbetonbetonbet88onbet88onbet88onbet88onbetonbetonbetonbetqh88mu88Nhà cái uy tínpog79vp777vp777vipbetvipbetuk88uk88typhu88typhu88tk88tk88sm66sm66me88me888live8live8livesm66me88win798livesm66me88win79pog79pog79vp777vp777uk88uk88tk88tk88luck8luck8kingbet86kingbet86k188k188hr99hr99123b8xbetvnvipbetsv66zbettaisunwin-vntyphu88vn138vwinvwinvi68ee881xbetrio66zbetvn138i9betvipfi88clubcf68onbet88ee88typhu88onbetonbetkhuyenmai12bet-moblie12betmoblietaimienphi247vi68clupcf68clupvipbeti9betqh88onb123onbefsoi cầunổ hũbắn cáđá gàđá gàgame bàicasinosoi cầuxóc đĩagame bàigiải mã giấc mơbầu cuaslot gamecasinonổ hủdàn đềBắn cácasinodàn đềnổ hũtài xỉuslot gamecasinobắn cáđá gàgame bàithể thaogame bàisoi cầukqsssoi cầucờ tướngbắn cágame bàixóc đĩaAG百家乐AG百家乐AG真人AG真人爱游戏华体会华体会im体育kok体育开云体育开云体育开云体育乐鱼体育乐鱼体育欧宝体育ob体育亚博体育亚博体育亚博体育亚博体育亚博体育亚博体育开云体育开云体育棋牌棋牌沙巴体育买球平台新葡京娱乐开云体育mu88qh88